STUDIE / STUDIES

ŠANDERA Martin
Zelenohorská jednota a císař Fridrich III. – spojenec, protektor i protivník … S. 537
(The League of Zelená Hora and the Emperor Friedrick III. – The Ally, Protector and Adversary)

The treatise follows the development of the mutual relations of the opposition group of the Bohemian Catholic nobility of the so-called League of Zelená Hora and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, whose support was besides the Pope to legitimate the resistance of the aristocracy against King George of Poděbrady. It shows the property interests of the leading representatives of the League in Austria, reveals the ties to the personalities of Frederick’s court, assesses the impact of the Affair with Poisons from 1465 and the motives of the parties involved. The emperor’s support was not enough to gain military assistance from the Holy Roman Empire, so in the end the League of Zelená Hora offered the Bohemian throne to the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. After the death of George of Poděbrady, this organization lost any real interest in the continuation of the war, tried for a certain balance between the emperor and the king of Hungary Matthias Corvinus, but managed to avoid Corvinus using his personal conflict with Frederick III from 1476–1477 to his own advantage.
Keywords: Late Middle Ages – Bohemian-Austrian Relations – League of Zelená Hora – Emperor Frederick III

RESUMÉ
The so-called League of Zelená Hora was a group of Bohemian Catholic nobles, who in 1465 – 1479 led a political and soon also military revolt against the Bohemian king George of Poděbrady and his successor Władysław II. The support of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III of the House of Habsburg played an important role in their plans.
Zdeněk of Šternberk, Jan of Rožmberk (Rosenberg) and other representatives of the League owned even castles and towns on Austrian territory, maintained contacts with the members of the Austrian families serving at Frederick’s court and were also engaged in the disputes between the emperor and his brother Albert.
Frederick III was drawn into the dispute of the League of Zelená Hora and King George by the poisoning affair. Besides the leaders of the League of Zelená Hora, also the emperor’s courtiers were to have been connected in the alleged plan to poison the Bohemian king. However, the real basis was never demonstrated and the emperor himself vigorously denied it.
The League of Zelená Hora did not have enough financial resources and military forces at its disposal for an open confrontation with King George. Its members expected mainly political and financial support from the emperor and tried to use his authority to legitimize their approach. The emperor’s diplomats supported the League at the meetings of the imperial diets, and the emperor himself even granted the League the right to mint its own coin on Bohemian territory.
For King George, the emperor’s support for the League meant an interference in his sovereignty and he allowed himself to be provoked into a military intervention against Frederick III. This step became his fatal error and fulfilled the aim of the League – its dispute with the Bohemian king became an international conflict.
Nevertheless, the emperor did not manage to assure the military support of the imperial princes, and so in the end the League of Zelená Hora offered the Bohemian throne first to the Polish sovereign Casimir IV and later the Hungarian king Mathias Corvinus.
After the death of George of Poděbrady, the League of Zelená Hora lost any real interest in the continuation of the war, it endeavoured for a certain balance between the emperor and Mathias Corvinus. In 1474, the emperor tried to pit the grouping against Corvinus, but he failed. On the contrary, two years later, this Habsburg came into open conflict with its representatives when he was not able to limit the raids of the Austrians into the extensive Rosenberg holdings. However, after the conclusion of a ceasefire and the obliging steps on the part of Frederick, the League of Zelená Hora managed to oppose Matthias Corvinus, who wanted revenge on the emperor for supporting his rival, Władysław II. King Mattias therefore imprisoned its new leader Bohuslav of Švamberk, but he was unable to change the position of the League.

BŮŽEK Václav
Sňatek Viléma z Rožmberka a Anny Marie Bádenské … S. 565
(The Wedding of Vilém of Rosenberg and Anna Maria of Baden)

The study focuses on the knowledge of the preparations, the role of kinship, ceremonial, the political and religious significance of the third wedding of Vilém of Rosenberg (1535–1592) and Anna Maria of Baden (1562–1583), which took place on the 27th to the 29th of January 1578 in Český Krumlov, where the groom had his main family residence. Vilém of Rosenberg came from an ancient aristocratic family, whose rulers held the foremost place in the Kingdom of Bohemia after the monarch. He was born into the marriage of Jošt III of Rosenberg and Anna of Roggendorf. His first two wives, coming from the princely families of the Holy Roman Empire, were Lutherans. Anna Maria of Baden was the daughter of the Margrave of Baden Philibert and archduchess of Bavaria Matilda of Wittelsbach. When she was orphaned, she was raised with her brother and two sisters in the strictly Catholic milieu of the court of her uncle Albrecht V of Wittelsbach in Munich.
In the background of the wedding was Ferdinand of Tyrol, who expected from the new marital alliance strengthening of the Catholicism of the political axis between Innsbruck, Munich, Prague and Vienna. Rudolf II agreed with the creation of the marital alliance, who appreciated in the supreme burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia the deep nobility of his family and faithful service to the Habsburgs. In negotiating the terms of the marriage, Vilém of Rosenberg was supported in Munich by Brandenburg Elector Johann Georg of Hohenzollern and the Saxon Elector August of the Wettin family, with whom he was connected by kinship ties. The largest exchange of views was evoked in the correspondence of Albrecht V of Wittelsbach and Vilém of Rosenberg by the wedding ceremony based on the exact sequence of steps, which included the reception of the sacrament of the altar, wedding reception, toast, dance, virgin sacrifice, exchange of wedding gifts and subsequent thanksgiving, chivalric entertainment, fireworks and probably also the reading of celebratory poems. After concluding the marriage, Vilém of Rosenberg expanded his kinship ties to the imperial nobility of the Catholic faith. It was not only his brother-in-law Philip II of Baden, but also both sisters-in-law married after the death of their sister to important princely and countly families of the Holy Roman Empire.
Keywords: Wedding – Vilém of Rosenberg – Anna Maria of Baden – Bavaria – Kingdom of Bohemia – Kinship – Political Communication – Catholicism – Lutheranism – Wedding Ceremonial

RESUMÉ
On the threshold of adulthood, Vilém of Rosenberg (1535–1592) took advantage of his kinship ties to influential Austrian nobility of Catholic as well as non- Catholic confession created after the conclusion of the marriage of his parents, when he undertook his first trip for education abroad, to the imperial court of Ferdinand I and to the imperial cities. On these occasions he could rely especially on the personal support of Hans Hoffmann of Grünpüchel and Wolfgang of Salm.
After his marriage to Katherina of Brunswick he expanded his kinship ties to the princely and countly families in the Holy Roman Empire, the members of which professed the Catholic and Lutheran faiths. Since Vilém’s brother-in-law became Erich II of Brunswick, whose first wife was Sidonie, the sister of the Saxon elector August, family ties connected the Rosenberg ruler to the House of Wettin. The two marriages of these children of Erich I of Brunswick were religiously mixed. Although the son of Erich II was a Catholic, his wife became a Lutheran. The daughter, Katherina, proclaimed to be a Lutheran but married a Catholic. Elector of Saxony August professed the Lutheran faith, but despite that was among the influential supporters of the dynastic interests of the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire, the political unity of which was threatened by the clashes between the confessionally disputed rulers of the individual territories after the declaration of the Augsburg religious peace. At the same time, he did not lose sight of the political interests of the imperial princes without much regard for their religious affiliation. Similar political attitudes were adopted by Rosenberg’s brother-in-law, the Elector of Brandenburg, Johann Georg of Hohenzollern, with whose sister Sophia he concluded his second marriage. Vilém’s second wife and his brother-in-law professed Lutheranism.
Both Lutheran electors were for their pragmatic conduct among the new generation of the rulers of the imperial territories, the political culture of which was distinctly influenced after the middle of the 16th century by the effort for compromises, which in the post-Reformation period were necessary for maintaining peace in the Holy Roman Empire and its internal unity. In the choice of conciliatory ways in resolving political and religious tensions, the moderate Catholic Vilém of Rosenberg was close to their position, who endeavoured to strike a balance between the religious and power interests of the Habsburgs on the one hand and the demands of the estates of the Kingdom of Bohemia on the other hand.
Despite their Lutheran faith, the two electors played an important role in mediating the third marriage of Vilém of Rosenberg to the orphaned Anna Maria of Baden (1562–1583), who had been raised in the strict Catholic milieu of the court of Albrecht V of Wittelsbach in Munich. In its background stood Ferdinand of Tyrol, who saw the family ties growing out of the new marital alliance as an opportunity to strengthen the Catholic faith and political communication between Tyrol, Bavaria and the Kingdom of Bohemia. The intended move was supported by Rudolf II, who appreciated in the supreme burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia not only his deep nobility and loyal service to the Habsburgs but also knew of his political discretion, conciliation, and diplomatic skills. After the conclusion of the third marriage, Vilém of Rosenberg extended his family ties to the imperial nobility of the Catholic faith. It was not only his brother-in-law Philip II of Baden, but also by both sisters-in-law married after the death of their sister to important princely and countly families of the Holy Roman Empire.
The negotiations of Vilém of Rosenberg and Albrecht V of Wittelsbach on the preparations for the wedding with the Margrave of Baden revealed the ways and content of communication between their residences. The consent of the Duke of Bavaria to the marriage was influenced mainly by the positive attitude of Rudolf II and the intercession of both related electors. The Rosenberg ruler did not rely solely on their supportive steps, but launched his own diplomatic game. An important news-relaying role was played between Český Krumlov and Munich by some of the highest land officials from the lower aristocratic status, who supported his political goals in the 1570s and 1580s. These included two adherents to Utraquism, the supreme scribe of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Michal Španovský of Lisov, and the burgrave of Karlštejn, Jan Vchynský of Vchynice. During the transmission of messages and negotiations with Albrecht V of Wittelsbach, Vilém of Rosenberg also used the services of several Bohemian nobles who had long worked at the Munich court, especially Jaroslav the Elder Bořita of Martinice and Zdeněk Berka of Dubá. Both provided news to the Dukes of Bavaria on the current situation in the Kingdom of Bohemia and maintained personal relations with the Rosenberg ruler.
At least 400 nobles without servants were invited to the wedding by the bride and groom. It was not possible to find out how many of them actually came to Český Krumlov to take part in the wedding festivities from 27 to 29 January 1578. The composition of the invited guests of the Rosenberg ruler reflected his estate exclusivity, political self-confidence, religious moderation and kinship ties to the Bohemian, Austrian and imperial nobility. The largest exchange of views in the correspondence of Albrecht V of Wittelsbach and Vilém of Rosenberg was evoked by the wedding ceremony, which was based on the exact sequence of individual steps of symbolic significance, on the order and content of which both nobles were able to agree. These included the reception of the sacrament of marriage, the wedding feast, the toast, dancing, the performance of the virgin sacrifice, the exchange of wedding gifts and subsequent thanksgiving, the chivalric entertainment, fireworks and probably the reading of the celebratory poems, with some steps of the ceremony repeated during the three-day wedding.
If Ferdinand of Tyrol anticipated from the marriage of the Rosenberg ruler and the Margravine of Baden the strengthening of Catholicism along the political axis between Innsbruck, Munich, Prague and Vienna, he reaped the symbolic fruits of his diplomatic efforts in June 1585, when he handed over first in the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and then in Landshut on behalf of King Philip II of Spain the Golden fleece to Rudolf II, his uncle Karl of Styria, his brother Ernst, Leonhard IV of Harrach, Vilém of Rosenberg and Wilhelm V of Wittelsbach. Their meeting during the wedding celebration in Český Krumlov contributed to the deepening of the personal relationships between the Rosenberg ruler, the Bavarian duke and Leonhard IV of Harrach. In the opinion of the papal nuncio Giovanni Dolfin, Leonhard IV of Harrach, representing the widowed Empress Maria at the marriage of Vilém of Rosenberg and Anna Maria of Baden, was among the prominent supporters of the Catholic policy of the Habsburgs in Central Europe.

Obzory literatury / Review articles and reviews

Recenzní článek

WERNISCH Martin
Nad výsledky mezinárodního bádání k 500. výročí reformace … S. 612
(Část první)

V roce 2017, kdy uběhlo pět set let od publikování thesí Martina Luthera k odpustkové kampani, proběhlo velké jubileum evropské (světové) reformace – ba přesněji řečeno vyvrcholilo, neboť s intenzivním připomínáním slavného data veřejnosti se začalo víceméně již o deset let dříve. V rámci „reformační“, resp. „lutherovské dekády“, oficiálně spuštěné s podzimem roku 2008, se rozeběhla celá mašinérie akcí. Bylo tomu tak především v Německu, kde se patronem jubilea staly církve, obce, země i celý spolkový stát. Lutherovská dekáda však záhy svým ohlasem působila též přes jeho hranice a v různé podobě i míře byla napodobována také v mnoha dalších částech světa. Vcelku tak lze říci, že oslavy výročí počátku reformace, vlastně jakási „máti všech jubileí“, jež se teprve později začala slavit také u jiných jevů, institucí a osob, takže za sebou tak jako tak měly již od svého prvního odzkoušení ve velkém (v roce 1617) dost imposantní dějiny, zažily ještě jednou nové vystupňování.

Recenze

Steffen PATZOLD
Wie regierte Karl der Große?
Listen und Politik in der frühen Karolingerzeit … S. 662
(Martin Šenk)

Josef ŽEMLIČKA
Konec Přemyslovců. Skladba a fungování jejich pozdní monarchie … S. 665
(Petr Sommer)

Wawrzyniec KOWALSKI
The King of the Slavs. The Image of a Ruler in the Latin Text
of The Chronicle of Priest of Duklja … S. 668
(Peter Bučko)

Lucie DOLEŽALOVÁ – Karel PACOVSKÝ (edd.)
Lipnická bible. Štít víry v neklidných časech pozdního středověku … S. 674
(František Šmahel)

Vojtěch BAŽANT – Jiří DYNDA – David ŠIMEČEK – Martin ŠORM (edd.)
Staré baby. Ženy a čas ve středověké Evropě … S. 681
(František Šmahel)

Tilman HAUG − André KRISCHER (Hrsg.)
Höllische Ingenieure. Kriminalitätsgeschichte der Attentate und Verschwörungen zwischen Spätmittelalter und Moderne … S. 686
(Petr Kreuz)

Edvard BENEŠ
La Boemia contro L´Austria-Ungheria. La libert`a degli Zceco-Slovacchi e l´Italia. Con prefazione dell´on. Andrea Torre. Casa editrice Ausonia … S. 690
(Jitka Jonová)

Jana KASÍKOVÁ
Ať mohou přijeti. Organizace poválečné repatriace a návratů 1942–1947 … S. 693
(Lucie Felcan Rajlová)

Ivo ČERMÁK – Radovan ŠIKL (eds.)
Příběh československé psychologie, I. Rozhovory s osobnostmi oboru … S. 696
(Radmila Švaříčková Slabáková)

Martin NODL
Na vlnách dějin. Minulost – přítomnost – budoucnost českého dějepisectví … S. 700
(Petr Vorel)

Zprávy o literatuře … S. 706

Z vědeckého života / Chronicle

PÁNEK Jaroslav
Thomas Winkelbauer – čestný člen Sdružení historiků ČR … S. 728
The Austrian Historian Thomas Winkelbauer –
a New Honorary Member of the Association of Historians of the Czech Republic

NĚMEČEK Jan
Medaile Františka Palackého za zásluhy v historických vědách
Piotru Macieji Majewskému … S. 735
The Polish Historian Piotr Maciej Majewski Awarded The František Palacký Honorary Medal for Merit in the Historical Sciences

Nekrolog

Eduard Šimek (22. 2. 1936 Praha – 21. 7. 2021 Praha)
(Petr Vorel) … S. 739

Ivan Dorovský (30. 7. 1934 Čuka – 24. 8. 2021 Brno)
(Jaroslav Pánek) … S. 743

Jan Křen (22. 8. 1930 – 7. 4. 2020)
(Jiří Pešek) … S. 750

Knihy a časopisy došlé redakci 751
Výtahy z českých časopisů a sborníků 751