ČESKÝ ČASOPIS HISTORICKÝ
THE CZECH HISTORICAL REVIEW
2/2012
s. 189-400

OBSAH / CONTENTS

STUDIE / STUDIES

ŽEMLIČKA Josef
K pozemkové výbavě české nobility ve starším středověku
(On the Landed Property of Czech Nobility in the Early Middle Ages). S. 189–233.
Ever since the 19th century discussions on the origins of medieval nobility have taken place not merely in Czech historiography but also in Central European historiography as a whole. In Czech conditions it, in fact, involves the issue whether this nobility can be linked to the traditional family and tribal aristocracy, possibly with the numerous so-called „Bohemian dukes“ (duces Boemanorum) from the 9th century and the beginnings of the 10th century or whether such a continuity simply does not exist. In that case the formation of this nobility would have to be connected with its later military and administrative services for the Prince, the dynasty and the „state“, which the Przemyslids only united in the mid–10th century. Another sensitive point in contemporary discussions involves the nature of the dominant features of the Przemyslid nobility of the 10th–12th centuries. Namely, whether this „early nobility“ primarily lived, for a long time, on its share of revenues collected in the name of the Prince from dependent inhabitants, so that its „private“ landed estates were merely an additional source of income or whether it relied on its already sufficiently large and „free“ land ownership from the very beginnings of the state. The solution to this question can be significantly assisted by the results of research on medieval settlements, alongside the probes, undertaken earlier, into the social structure of „the noble“ and „non-noble“ population.
Key words: aristocracy, Bohemian State, Middle Ages, monastery, nobility, owner, possession, Przemyslid dynasty, property.

SCHINDLING Anton
Atentát na francouzského krále Jindřicha IV. Politická vražda ve věku konfesionalizace
(The assassination of King Henry IV of France. Political Murder in the Confessional Age). S. 234–253.
On the 14th of May 1610 Henry IV of France was stabbed to death. Henri’s assassin, François Ravaillac, was a man of the people. He was arrested on the spot. Before France’s highest court, the Parliament of Paris, he was subjected to interrogation under torture. The judges tried to get him to name his accomplices and admit to a conspiracy. But Ravaillac insisted, that he had acted entirely on his own – and at God’s express orders. The king had been on the point of inflicting serious damage on the Catholic Church, since he was about to launch a war against the Pope and, to this end, was working with foreign Protestants – moreover, he had been treating heretics in France leniently. Henri’s return to the Catholic fold had been a lie and an act of hypocrisy. In France, people of Ravaillac’s persuasion were not exactly thin on the ground. Styling themselves “good Catholics”, they did not believe in the sincerity of Henri of Navarre’s return to the Church. In 1610 the king was on the verge of launching a new war against the House of Habsburg, having decided to intervene in the disputed succession to the Duchies of Jülich, Cleves and Berg. Determined to forestall a pro-Habsburg outcome, he wanted Düsseldorf, capital of the United Duchies, to be ruled by a Protestant prince as successor to the late Duke of Cleves. This was unacceptable to the Habsburg courts in Madrid, Brussels and Prague. The king was seeking an alliance with the Protestant imperial states (Reichsstände) in Germany, who had united under the leadership of the Palatinate. On account of the close proximity of Jülich and Cleves to the Spanish Netherlands, but also to the Spanish military road leading from Brussels to Milan, the constellation was more than delicate. But owing to Henri’s assassination, the threat of war on the Rhine was unexpectedly defused. The winners were the Habsburgs and the Catholic estates (Reichsstände) in the Holy Roman Empire, the losers the Protestants throughout Europe and in France. Henri’s widow, Marie de’ Medici, now regent, moved swiftly to change the direction of French foreign policy by seeking an understanding with Catholic Spain. For supporters of the party of “good Catholics” at the Paris court and throughout France, this was an outcome they could live with. Thus the regicide Ravaillac died knowing he had achieved his goal of changing French policy. So was he a deluded fanatic or a martyr for the Catholic nature of the monarchy in France? As he met his bloody end, probably he saw himself as being the latter.
Key words: France, regicide, the right to protest, religious wars, confessionalism, the Early Modern Age.

NOVÁK Petr
Sovětská zahraniční politika a Osmanská říše na přelomu let 1917 a 1918
(Soviet Foreign Policy and the Ottoman Empire toward the end of 1917 and in early 1918). S. 254–287.
This study is devoted to Soviet foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire in the years 1917 and 1918. Following a short survey of contemporary research on these questions, the author focuses upon an analysis of goals which Soviet foreign policy pursued in relation to the Ottoman Empire in the period under research and problems involved with them which it had to face. From this point of view he pays attention to both Soviet peace initiatives from November 1917 and, primarily, to the steps taken by Soviet Russia during the course of peace talks in Brest-Litovsk. In his conclusion the author outlines the three disputed issues of the Soviet-Ottoman relationships at that time, which Soviet foreign policy failed to resolve successfully.
Key words: Soviet Russia, the Ottoman Empire, foreign policy, relationships, World War I, the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1917–1918.

FASORA Lukáš
Generační revolta v socialistickém táboře v letech 1900–1920
(The Generational Revolt in the Socialist Camp between 1900–1920). S. 288–317.
This study interprets social changes in the Czech Lands between the years 1900–1920 from the aspect of generational development, narrowed to an environment of left-wing youth. It traces the path to the elaboration of the generational concept of a cultural alternative to Austrian militarism and clericalism before 1914 and the consequences of the extension of the impact of World War I and the collapse of the Monarchy to young people who were split between loyalty to the young Czechoslovak Republic and a vision of Bolshevism, which in the eyes of the larger part of the generation under research appeared to be the realization of the pre-war visions of a freer world.
Key words: generational method, the socialist youth movement, anti-clericalism, anti-militarism, cultural alternative.

MATERIÁLY / ARTICLES

KREUTER Tereza
Slovník sudetoněmeckých nářečí a jeho historie: K nálezu ztracené kartotéky ke slovníku sudetoněmeckých nářečí
(Dialect Dictionary and its History: About the Discovery of the missing Card File of the Sudeten German Dialects). S. 318–328.
This article is a report about the discovery of the original card file of the Sudeten German dialects which was missing since World War II. The dialect card file has been established and collected at the German University in Prague, Czechoslovakia between 1930 and 1945 under the direction of the Bohemian German professor Ernst Schwarz. It was designed to serve as a basis for the first dictionary of German dialects in former Czechoslovakia. The card file and other materials were lost without trace after the War. The card file appeared again in spring 2010 as part of the legacy of the Czech Germanist Emil Skála. The report traces back the fate of the card file and depicts the circumstances of its discovery. Some of the others materials (like dialect maps etc.) were also discovered in another place. Finally it is scrutinized, which future perspectives there might be with regard to the evaluation of the material.
Key words: Sudeten German Dialects, Ernst Schwarz, German University in Prague, Dictionary.

BENDA Jan
Okupace pohraničí a nucená imigrace v letech 1938–1939
(The Occupation of the Border Regions and Forced Emigration between 1938–1939). S. 329–347.
An analysis of both literature and primary resources shows that the migration stream from the border regions of the Czech Lands in the years 1938–1939 cannot be simply seen as merely involving a group of refugees. An important part of this was a category of civil servants on active service. Previous summary statistics failed to fully take into account family members of active civil servants. Research into statistical data in the National Archives has made it possible to fill in the missing gap in the totality of the migration wave which comprised more than 370 000 individuals of all nationalities, the majority of whom were Czech nationals. The forced return to ceded territories affected more than 7000 people. It was the decision of Jan Syrový´s Government from 1 October 1938 that provided the impetus for their repatriation. In addition to economic and social aspects (namely possibilities of the residual state to provide for refugees at a time of such a huge movement of the populace), the Cabinet’s attitude was also influenced by the development of the international situation and political decisions of the co-alition parties positioned at the background of government activities. In fact, Government envoys attended the Berlin sessions of the International Committee, whose task it was, among other things, to determine plebiscite territories. The Ministerial Council wanted to prevent the flight of the population from disputed localities and potentially the loss of further territories. The inhabitants of the border regions were urged not to emigrate into the Republic.
Key words: Czechoslovakia, Munich 1938, refugees, the border regions, exile.

OBZORY LITERATURY / REVIEW ARTICLES AND REVIEWS

KUTHAN Jiří – ROYT Jan, Katedrála sv. Víta, Václava a Vojtěcha. Svatyně českých patronů a králů (František Šmahel) S. 348–351.

Liber vetustissimus Antiquae Civitatis Pragensis 1310–1518. Ed. PÁTKOVÁ Hana ve spolupráci s Věrou SMOLOVOU a Alešem POŘÍZKOU (Vladimír Spáčil) S. 351–354.

PURŠ Ivo – KARPENKO Vladimír (eds.), Alchymie a Rudolf II. Hledání tajemství přírody ve střední Evropě v 16. a 17. století (Ivana Čornejová) S. 354–356.

PÁLFFY Géza, The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (Václav Bůžek – Miroslav Žitný) S. 357–361.

VYDRA Zbyněk, Život za cara? Krajní pravice v předrevolučním Rusku (Alexandr Brummer) S. 361–364.

FERIANCOVÁ Alena, (Ne)nájdená bezpečnosť. Československo, Nemecko a úpravy medzinárodného systému v Európe 1922-1926 (Miroslav Šepták) S. 364–368.