CALL FOR PAPERS
The CEPIC (Center for Research in Immigration, Integration and Citizenship, Paris) and the German Historical Institute (London) are organizing, through the support of the German Marshall Fund, a Workshop on Migration controls in 19th Century Europe and NorthAmerica, in Paris, 25-26 June 1999.
This workshop is coordinated by Andreas Fahrmeir (GHI), Olivier Faron (CNRS) and Patrick Weil (CEPIC).
In the mid-19th century, European migrations were complex and varied; Emerging
European nations were countries of emigration to the US, then the main
destination of emigrants with the exception of France which was both a country
of immigration and of transit.
A scholarly consensus holds that immigration policies were nationalized only
at the end of 19th or beginning of the 20th century. It is therefore crucial
to understand the historical evolution of migration policies in the 19th
century, that is, how migrants - within national boundaries or across them
- were viewed in Europe and in North America, and how governments and
administrations attempted to regulated their people's movements. One of the
chief goals of this workshop will be to discuss whether it is right to assume
that the 19th century was a 'golden age' for migrations and migrants, or
if, in fact, migration controls at that time were already very restrictive,
even if they operated in a more local perspective.
Six questions are to be the focus of the conference :
How were legal frameworks concerning foreigners transformed at the end of the 18th century?
What was the influence of pauper laws on the management of the migrants?
How did emigration and immigration control operate?
What was the demographic and economic background of the increase in migration flows?
How did social and political control of migrants develop in host countries?
How do we explain the progressive nationalization of immigration- and emigration policies at the end of the 19th century?
The workshop will be organized around six panels:
I. The transformation of the legal framework
Papers in this panel will discuss both the contrasting legalframeworks, national or regional, evolving in the 18th century (focusing on questions such as which institutions controlled migration and residence, and which individuals, if any, had a right to migrate) and post-1789 developments. Papers will focus on questions such as the introduction of mandatory identity documents; to which degree and when national legislative frameworks for migration control replaced local or regional regulations; and if and when 'freedom of movement' came to be considered a right of all citizens or of certain groups. The panel should pay particular attention to differences between countries of emigration and immigration, and countries that did not clearly belong to either group.
II. The evolution of pauper control
This panel will address the social control procedures in the 19th century. When and how are they implemented? Can we draw a typology of this implementation in Europe and the US? What are the main categories of individuals to which these procedures applied (tramps, paupers, wanderers)? What sort of documents were used as controls (pauper certificate, worker booklet, passport)? What is the geographical extent of their validity : local, regional, national or international? What was the relation =96 if there were any =96 between the collection of social data about persons and information about nationality or citizenship?
III. Emigration control and transit policy
This panel will consider the influence that the states of origin and transit had on emigration movements. Were schemes of assisted emigration available, either generally or for particular groups, such as paupers and criminals? If so, were they successful? Were there financial disincentives to emigration, such as emigration taxes in the country of origin, customs duties on personal effects, or visa fees and bond requirements in countries of transit? To what degree did an emigration policy differing from the national legislative framework emerge at the local or regional level? Did countries of transit take special precautions to ensure that emigrants from third countries did not become permanent residents, and did such measures have any influence on migration routes?
IV. Economic and demographic background of migration
The panel will provide clear picture of the economic and demographic background of 19th century migration, addressing the factors determining it and their relative influence. Are push/pull models relevant? Did migratory flows result from a balancing movement between surplus and deficit zones? What role did economic factors, such as the cost of transportation, for instance, play? Is it possible to give a quantitative account of these flows ?
V. Social and political control of emigrants
The panel will discuss both the immigration states=92 responses to mass-migration and the effectiveness of their policies. Particular emphasis will be placed on the development of social and political control, that is, establishing mechanisms for recognizing migrants and foreigners (passports, local registers, setting of ad hoc censuses...), surveying their activities and enacting punitive measures (establishment of special police staff, arrests, forced repatriations, expulsions...) against them. What were the origins of this control? The socio-political composition of the migrants ? Their massive number ? Peculiarities of the host regime ? The papers will focus either on the description of a precise control policy in one country or on a comparative sketch (Europe/Europe or United States/Europe) of one of the above themes.
VI. The emergence of national immigration and emigration policies
At the end of the nineteenth century, it seems that most countries turned to a national or federal approach to immigration and emigration. This panel will examine the causes of this nationalization process a massive migration influx, stabilization of European frontiers, evolution of the relations between center and periphery, improvement of the administrative capacity to cover the whole territory and how it developed in various European countries, in the US and Canada. Finally, the panel will ask a number of related questions: what were the specific strategies implemented to shape immigration (personal control, racial quotas, immigration restrictions) and emigration? How did the states consider their nationals abroad (what legal protection did they have, for example)? How do the states maintain their relationship with the national community abroad? The focus of this panel will be on how the national or federal state became an actor in the determination and implementation of immigration and emigration policies.
Those interested in presenting a paper should send a 1-page abstract BEFORE 5 January 1999 to :
Stephane DUFOIX, research assistant,
CEPIC, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques,
27 rue Saint Guillaume,
75337 Paris cedex 07
Tel : 01 42 84 26 76
Fax : 01 42 84 26 47
E-mail : cepic1@sciences-po.fr.
After selection, the participants will complete the final draft of their paper BEFORE 15 May 1999.
Dr. Andreas Fahrmeir
German Historical Institute
17 Bloomsbury Square
London WC1A 2LP
England
Tel. +44 (0)171 404 5486
Fax. +44 (0)171 404 5573
INet: http://www.ghil.co.uk
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